Sartre’s Absolute Freedom

Negative absolute temperature for motional degrees of freedom.

Absolute temperature is usually bound to be positive. Under special conditions, however, negative temperatures-in which high-energy states are more occupied than low-energy states-are also possible. Such states have been demonstrated in localized systems with finite, discrete spectra. Here, we prepared a negative temperature state for motional degrees of freedom. By tailoring the Bose-Hubbard H...

Freedom and Human Dignity

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Absolute Identity and Absolute Generality

In conversations between native speakers, words such as ‘same’ and ‘identical’ do not usually cause much difficulty. We take it for granted that others use them with the same sense as we do. If it is unclear whether numerical or qualitative identity is intended, a brief gloss such as ‘one thing not two’ for the former or ‘exactly alike’ for the latter removes the unclarity. In this paper, numer...

Freedom of Association and Freedom of Expression

Absolute structure and absolute configuration.

Fundamental notions concerning absolute structure and absolute configuration, and their determination from single-crystal diffraction measurements, are presented and reviewed. A glossary of terms with definitions useful in this field is provided. For absolute structure and its determination, the separate but interacting influences of the structure and the inversion-distinguishing power of an X-...